Summarization.ipynb

{
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "X4cRE8IbIrIV"
      },
      "source": [
        "If you're opening this Notebook on colab, you will probably need to install 🤗 Transformers and 🤗 Datasets as well as other dependencies. Uncomment the following cell and run it."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "MOsHUjgdIrIW"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "#! pip install datasets evaluate transformers rouge-score nltk"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "CADVgAZ2cLvz"
      },
      "source": [
        "If you're opening this notebook locally, make sure your environment has an install from the last version of those libraries.\n",
        "\n",
        "To be able to share your model with the community and generate results like the one shown in the picture below via the inference API, there are a few more steps to follow.\n",
        "\n",
        "First you have to store your authentication token from the Hugging Face website (sign up [here](https://huggingface.co/join) if you haven't already!) then execute the following cell and input your username and password:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-hMZ_9ArcLvz"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "from huggingface_hub import notebook_login\n",
        "\n",
        "notebook_login()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "jYsGlhSAcLv0"
      },
      "source": [
        "Then you need to install Git-LFS. Uncomment the following instructions:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "oEANIYcUcLv0"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "# !apt install git-lfs"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ndzZqzwZcLv0"
      },
      "source": [
        "Make sure your version of Transformers is at least 4.11.0 since the functionality was introduced in that version:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "F_3Zzgm5cLv1"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "import transformers\n",
        "\n",
        "print(transformers.__version__)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "HFASsisvIrIb"
      },
      "source": [
        "You can find a script version of this notebook to fine-tune your model in a distributed fashion using multiple GPUs or TPUs [here](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/master/examples/seq2seq)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Hku6ZztmcLv2"
      },
      "source": [
        "We also quickly upload some telemetry - this tells us which examples and software versions are getting used so we know where to prioritize our maintenance efforts. We don't collect (or care about) any personally identifiable information, but if you'd prefer not to be counted, feel free to skip this step or delete this cell entirely."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "YG2IenRDcLv2"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "from transformers.utils import send_example_telemetry\n",
        "\n",
        "send_example_telemetry(\"summarization_notebook\", framework=\"pytorch\")"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rEJBSTyZIrIb"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Fine-tuning a model on a summarization task"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "kTCFado4IrIc"
      },
      "source": [
        "In this notebook, we will see how to fine-tune one of the [🤗 Transformers](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers) model for a summarization task. We will use the [XSum dataset](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.08745.pdf) (for extreme summarization) which contains BBC articles accompanied with single-sentence summaries.\n",
        "\n",
        "![Widget inference on a summarization task](https://github.com/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/images/summarization.png?raw=1)\n",
        "\n",
        "We will see how to easily load the dataset for this task using 🤗 Datasets and how to fine-tune a model on it using the `Trainer` API."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "c2_ashBBcLv2"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "model_checkpoint = \"t5-small\""
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4RRkXuteIrIh"
      },
      "source": [
        "This notebook is built to run  with any model checkpoint from the [Model Hub](https://huggingface.co/models) as long as that model has a sequence-to-sequence version in the Transformers library. Here we picked the [`t5-small`](https://huggingface.co/t5-small) checkpoint."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "whPRbBNbIrIl"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Loading the dataset"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "W7QYTpxXIrIl"
      },
      "source": [
        "We will use the [🤗 Datasets](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets) library to download the data and get the metric we need to use for evaluation (to compare our model to the benchmark). This can be easily done with the functions `load_dataset` and `load_metric`.  "
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "IreSlFmlIrIm",
        "outputId": "b2caf622-efc6-4096-8fe9-995391f7faf5",
        "colab": {
          "referenced_widgets": [
            "ef1e01985867419f9bb6a46bc1f93ffe"
          ]
        }
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "name": "stderr",
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "2023-06-06 12:43:46.062773: I tensorflow/core/platform/cpu_feature_guard.cc:182] This TensorFlow binary is optimized to use available CPU instructions in performance-critical operations.\n",
            "To enable the following instructions: AVX2 FMA, in other operations, rebuild TensorFlow with the appropriate compiler flags.\n",
            "Found cached dataset xsum (/home/sudolife/.cache/huggingface/datasets/xsum/default/1.2.0/082863bf4754ee058a5b6f6525d0cb2b18eadb62c7b370b095d1364050a52b71)\n"
          ]
        },
        {
          "data": {
            "application/vnd.jupyter.widget-view+json": {
              "model_id": "ef1e01985867419f9bb6a46bc1f93ffe",
              "version_major": 2,
              "version_minor": 0
            },
            "text/plain": [
              "  0%|          | 0/3 [00:00<?, ?it/s]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "from datasets import load_dataset\n",
        "from evaluate import load\n",
        "\n",
        "raw_datasets = load_dataset(\"xsum\")\n",
        "metric = load(\"rouge\")"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "RzfPtOMoIrIu"
      },
      "source": [
        "The `dataset` object itself is [`DatasetDict`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasetdict), which contains one key for the training, validation and test set:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "GWiVUF0jIrIv",
        "outputId": "35e3ea43-f397-4a54-c90c-f2cf8d36873e"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "DatasetDict({\n",
              "    train: Dataset({\n",
              "        features: ['document', 'summary', 'id'],\n",
              "        num_rows: 204045\n",
              "    })\n",
              "    validation: Dataset({\n",
              "        features: ['document', 'summary', 'id'],\n",
              "        num_rows: 11332\n",
              "    })\n",
              "    test: Dataset({\n",
              "        features: ['document', 'summary', 'id'],\n",
              "        num_rows: 11334\n",
              "    })\n",
              "})"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 9,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "raw_datasets"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "u3EtYfeHIrIz"
      },
      "source": [
        "To access an actual element, you need to select a split first, then give an index:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "X6HrpprwIrIz",
        "outputId": "d7670bc0-42e4-4c09-8a6a-5c018ded7d95"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'document': 'The full cost of damage in Newton Stewart, one of the areas worst affected, is still being assessed.\\nRepair work is ongoing in Hawick and many roads in Peeblesshire remain badly affected by standing water.\\nTrains on the west coast mainline face disruption due to damage at the Lamington Viaduct.\\nMany businesses and householders were affected by flooding in Newton Stewart after the River Cree overflowed into the town.\\nFirst Minister Nicola Sturgeon visited the area to inspect the damage.\\nThe waters breached a retaining wall, flooding many commercial properties on Victoria Street - the main shopping thoroughfare.\\nJeanette Tate, who owns the Cinnamon Cafe which was badly affected, said she could not fault the multi-agency response once the flood hit.\\nHowever, she said more preventative work could have been carried out to ensure the retaining wall did not fail.\\n\"It is difficult but I do think there is so much publicity for Dumfries and the Nith - and I totally appreciate that - but it is almost like we\\'re neglected or forgotten,\" she said.\\n\"That may not be true but it is perhaps my perspective over the last few days.\\n\"Why were you not ready to help us a bit more when the warning and the alarm alerts had gone out?\"\\nMeanwhile, a flood alert remains in place across the Borders because of the constant rain.\\nPeebles was badly hit by problems, sparking calls to introduce more defences in the area.\\nScottish Borders Council has put a list on its website of the roads worst affected and drivers have been urged not to ignore closure signs.\\nThe Labour Party\\'s deputy Scottish leader Alex Rowley was in Hawick on Monday to see the situation first hand.\\nHe said it was important to get the flood protection plan right but backed calls to speed up the process.\\n\"I was quite taken aback by the amount of damage that has been done,\" he said.\\n\"Obviously it is heart-breaking for people who have been forced out of their homes and the impact on businesses.\"\\nHe said it was important that \"immediate steps\" were taken to protect the areas most vulnerable and a clear timetable put in place for flood prevention plans.\\nHave you been affected by flooding in Dumfries and Galloway or the Borders? Tell us about your experience of the situation and how it was handled. Email us on selkirk.news@bbc.co.uk or dumfries@bbc.co.uk.',\n",
              " 'summary': 'Clean-up operations are continuing across the Scottish Borders and Dumfries and Galloway after flooding caused by Storm Frank.',\n",
              " 'id': '35232142'}"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 10,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "raw_datasets[\"train\"][0]"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "WHUmphG3IrI3"
      },
      "source": [
        "To get a sense of what the data looks like, the following function will show some examples picked randomly in the dataset."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "i3j8APAoIrI3"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "import datasets\n",
        "import random\n",
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "from IPython.display import display, HTML\n",
        "\n",
        "def show_random_elements(dataset, num_examples=5):\n",
        "    assert num_examples <= len(dataset), \"Can't pick more elements than there are in the dataset.\"\n",
        "    picks = []\n",
        "    for _ in range(num_examples):\n",
        "        pick = random.randint(0, len(dataset)-1)\n",
        "        while pick in picks:\n",
        "            pick = random.randint(0, len(dataset)-1)\n",
        "        picks.append(pick)\n",
        "\n",
        "    df = pd.DataFrame(dataset[picks])\n",
        "    for column, typ in dataset.features.items():\n",
        "        if isinstance(typ, datasets.ClassLabel):\n",
        "            df[column] = df[column].transform(lambda i: typ.names[i])\n",
        "    display(HTML(df.to_html()))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "SZy5tRB_IrI7",
        "outputId": "ba8f2124-e485-488f-8c0c-254f34f24f13"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/html": [
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>document</th>\n",
              "      <th>summary</th>\n",
              "      <th>id</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>The theatre is undergoing an £16m refurbishment and was originally planned to open by Easter next year.\\nNow Hull City Council has revealed the venue will not be ready until August at the earliest.\\nSteven Bayes, the Labour councillor responsible for tourism, said the delay was due to uncertainty over funding.\\n\"Clearly everyone would have liked to have seen the project finished as soon as possible in 2017, but we feel this is the best method of getting as much done for as long a period of time.\"\\nLast week, the Chancellor George Osborne announced a £13m grant towards Hull hosting the year long City of Culture arts festival.</td>\n",
              "      <td>The reopening of Hull New Theatre will be delayed until the summer of 2017, missing most of the City of Culture arts festival.</td>\n",
              "      <td>35879272</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>1</th>\n",
              "      <td>The Stop Online Piracy Act (Sopa) aims to slash the amount of pirated content on the internet.\\nBut signatories including Google co-founder Sergey Brin claim it amounts to China-style censorship.\\nThe bill has the backing of Hollywood and the music industry.\\nSopa was introduced by Judiciary Committee chairman Lamar Smith, a Texas Republican, who said the legislation was designed to \"stop the flow of revenue to rogue websites... that profit from selling pirated goods without any legal consequences\".\\nIt would give content owners and the US government the power to request court orders to shut down websites associated with piracy.\\nSopa aims to stop online ad networks and payment processors from doing business with foreign websites accused of enabling or facilitating copyright infringement.\\nIt could stop search engines from linking to the allegedly infringing sites. Domain name registrars could be forced to take down the websites, and internet service providers could be forced to block access to the sites accused of infringing.\\nA similar law, the Protect IP Act, is making its way through the US Senate.\\nCritics argue that the proposals are too broad and could lead to the closure of a range of sites.\\nThe latest letter, published in several US newspapers including the Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post and the New York Times, reads: \"We've all had the good fortune to found internet companies and non-profits in a regulatory climate that promotes entrepreneurship, innovation, the creation of content and free expression online.\\n\"However we're worried that the Protect IP Act and the Stop Online Piracy Act - which started out as well-meaning efforts to control piracy online - will undermine that framework.\"\\nThe letter said that the legislation would require web services to monitor what users link to or upload.\\nThe bill would also \"deny website owners the right to due process\" and \"give the US government the power to censor the web using techniques similar to those used by China, Malaysia and Iran\", the letter goes on.\\n\"We urge Congress to think hard before changing the regulation that underpins the internet... Let's not deny the next generation of entrepreneurs and founders the same opportunities that we all had.\"\\nThe letter was signed by Twitter co-founders Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone and Evan Williams; Flickr co-founder Caterina Fake; Yahoo! co-founders David Filo and Jerry Yang; LinkedIn co-founder Reid Hoffman; YouTube co-founder Chad Hurley; PayPal co-founder Elon Musk; Craigslist founder Craig Newmark; eBay founder Pierre Omidyar and Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales.\\nAnother appeal, signed by 83 key internet engineersincluding father of the internet Vint Cerf, has also been sent to Congress.\\n\"We cannot have a free and open internet unless its naming and routing systems sit above the political concerns and objectives of any one government or industry,\" it reads.\\n\"Censorship of internet infrastructure will inevitably cause network errors and security problems. This is true in China, Iran and other countries that censor the network today; it will be just as true of American censorship.\"\\nA group of US politicians is proposing an alternative to Sopa that would see funding cut off to foreign websites accused of copyright infringements in a similar way to how the US ended Wikileaks' commercial operation.\\nThey argue that the International Trade Commission (ITC) should take charge of combating piracy, instead of judges. The ITC would be tasked with reviewing claims of online infringement against foreign website owners, ordering them cut off from funding if the claims prove true.\\nWhile the US moves to tighten its copyright laws, the UK is aiming to relax its own.\\nThe Intellectual Property Office has launched a consultation exercise intended, among other things, to allow the ripping of CDs to digital music players.\\nIt follows recommendations from Professor Ian Hargreaves inhis review of intellectual property.\\nOther plans include allowing data mining of scientific research for non-commercial use and a licensing scheme to make it easier for digital services to gain access to copyrighted works. It also proposes relaxing copyright rules around \"parody\" videos which are increasingly popular on YouTube.\\nThe move was welcomed by the British Library and watchdog Consumer Focus, but The Publishers' Association said it was concerned that the relaxation could make intellectual property theft easier.</td>\n",
              "      <td>The founders of Google, Twitter and eBay have signed a strongly worded letter criticising controversial US legislation ahead of a debate in Congress.</td>\n",
              "      <td>16195344</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>2</th>\n",
              "      <td>Lt Gen James Terry, who is co-ordinating efforts against IS, said the soldiers would be in addition to 3,100 US soldiers already promised.\\nHe did not say which coalition nations would provide the extra troops or what role they would play.\\nThe US has agreed to send troops to Iraq in an advisory role.\\nCoalition members discussed the Islamic State issue and made the troop pledge at a security conference in the region last week, Gen Terry said.\\nGen Terry also told the conference that air strikes against IS were taking a toll on the militants' campaign in Iraq and Syria.\\nThe US state department says nearly 60 countries belong to the coalition, although most play no direct role in the air strikes.\\nIt is hoped the deployment of additional soldiers will increase the effectiveness of the Iraqi army, much of which proved ineffective under an IS onslaught last summer.\\n\"While [the Iraqi security forces] have a long way to go I think they're becoming more capable every day,\" Lt Terry said.\\n\"When you start now to balance the different capabilities out across the coalition, I think we're doing pretty well in terms of boots on the ground.\"\\nMeanwhile, the Combined Joint Task Force announced that US-led coalition forces carried out 15 air strikes in Syria and 31 in Iraq between 3 and 8 December.\\nIS controls large areas of Syria and Iraq, imposing a rigid version of Sunni Islam and persecuting or killing non-believers.\\nThe group has also executed several western hostages and has promised to kill more.\\nEarlier on Monday US Defence Secretary Chuck Hagel said that the US would not be reviewing its policy of not paying ransoms in hostage situations, in spite of several failed rescue bids in the last few months.\\nIn the latest incident, British-born US journalist Luke Somers and South African teacher Pierre Korkie were both killed by al-Qaeda gunmen in Yemen during an attempted rescue operation on Saturday.</td>\n",
              "      <td>The US-led coalition fighting Islamic State (IS) militants has pledged to send an additional 1,500 troops to Iraq, a top US commander has said.</td>\n",
              "      <td>30388718</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>3</th>\n",
              "      <td>The survey suggested that staffing levels and a lack of consultation continued to be the biggest concerns.\\nBut the vast majority said they were happy to \"go the extra mile\" and trusted their direct line manager.\\nThe survey was completed by 60,681 of NHS Scotland's 160,635 staff - the highest response rate in its history.\\nOverall, health workers responded less positively to 17 of the 29 questions and more positively to four questions. The remaining eight questions saw no percentage change.\\nAmong the key findings were:\\nThe 33% of all employees who thought their department had enough staff fell to 26% for nurses and midwives and 12% for ambulance personnel.\\nThe report said there had been \"statistically significant\" improvements in one of the 29 questions, and significant deteriorations in four questions.\\nBut all eight statements relating to the overall experience of working for the NHS received a positive response from 53% or more of all respondents.\\nNorman Provan, Royal College of Nursing Scotland associate director, said: \"Demand on NHS services resources continues to outstrip supply, putting staff under enormous pressure.\\n\"It is worrying that nurses and midwives, like other staff groups, say that they are not consulted about changes and that they are also unclear about how changes will work out in practice.\\n\"The experience of staff on the frontline is key to building sustainable services and better, safer patient care. It is crucial that they are listened to.\"\\nHealth Secretary Shona Robison welcomed the increase in responses to the survey, and said the feedback was \"extremely important in letting us know what is going right and where we can make improvements\".\\nShe added: \"It is welcome that staff remain committed to their roles, with almost nine out of ten willing to go the 'extra mile' at work. It is also promising that so many staff members have confidence and trust in their direct line manager, and get help and support from colleagues when needed.\\n\"However, we know there are challenges to be addressed, in particular making staff feel engaged and involved in the decisions being made within their health board.\\n\"It is vital that we learn from these findings, and I will be expecting all health boards to use their individual survey results to work with staff to bring in changes which will further improve staff experience.\"\\nScottish Conservative health spokesman Jackson Carlaw said the survey \"highlights again just how short we are of nurses, and the SNP has to take full responsibility for that\".\\nScottish Labour's Dr Richard Simpson said NHS staff do \"incredible work every day\" but were \"under valued and overworked\" by the Scottish government.</td>\n",
              "      <td>NHS workers in Scotland are slightly less positive about their jobs than they were last year, according to the annual health service staff survey.</td>\n",
              "      <td>35070925</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>4</th>\n",
              "      <td>Media playback is not supported on this device\\nJamie Vardy scored twice but missed out on a hat-trick by blazing a second penalty over the bar.\\nCity's longest-serving player Andy King was also on the score-sheet with Kevin Mirallas netting Everton's consolation.\\nBut this was almost a sideshow to the festivities for the Foxes' first top-flight title in their 132-year history.\\nMedia playback is not supported on this device\\nThe celebrations included a pre-match performance from Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli in front of a sold-out stadium bedecked in banners declaring the club's new status as champions of England.\\nAnd then, once the game had finished, came the moment all connected with the club had been waiting for - the lifting of the Premier League trophy.\\nIt was held aloft by captain Wes Morgan and manager Claudio Ranieri to a rapturous response from those inside the King Power Stadium and thousands more who had gathered outside the ground.\\nSaturday afternoon was billed as a title party, but for most inside the stadium the celebrations have been ongoing since Tottenham's draw at Chelsea confirmed the Foxes as the most remarkable of Premier League winners.\\nThe City players themselves only returned to training for this fixture on Thursday after being given an extra day off to revel in their stunning triumph and presumably to fully recover from a rowdy Monday night at Jamie Vardy's house.\\nFrom the moment they emerged for their pre-match warm-up, they were cheered to the rafters by supporters who had begun to mass in the stadium hours earlier to enjoy a beer on the club and revel in its greatest moment.\\nSo keen were the home fans to show their appreciation to Ranieri and his side that the Italian was forced to quieten them for the performance of Nessun Dorma by compatriot Bocelli, who received a huge ovation when he removed his tracksuit top to reveal a Leicester shirt beneath bearing his name.\\nBut despite the carnival atmosphere and a guard of honour from their opponents there was no complacency from the Foxes, who provided a fast-paced and committed finale befitting the side with the best home record in the division.\\nIf the rumoured Hollywood film of Vardy's life does come to pass it now has a superb ending, although it came within a few yards of the perfect denouement.\\nHaving missed the last two games through suspension, the 29-year-old England striker returned to the starting XI and made an instant impact, scoring with what was his first meaningful touch to steer in from King's chipped delivery.\\nA constant menace to the Everton defence, his second came from the spot after he had been tripped by Matthew Pennington.\\nBut with a dream scenario beckoning after Darron Gibson had clattered into Jeffrey Schlupp in the box, Vardy blasted his hat-trick chance high over the Everton bar from the spot.\\nWith 24 goals for the season, Vardy is now one behind Tottenham's Harry Kane in the race to be Premier League top-scorer, although he has now had a hand in more top-flight goals this season than any other player (30).\\nMidfielder King is a one-club man, the longest serving member of the Leicester squad and sole survivor of the side that won promotion from League One in 2009.\\nHis 334th career appearance only came about because of Danny Drinkwater's suspension, but the 27-year-old illustrated the reasons for his Foxes longevity with a dynamic and influential display.\\nAfter setting up the opener he was perfectly placed to latch on to a loose ball, following Riyad Mahrez's mazy run down the right, and fire his side into a commanding lead.\\nThe goal was significant for another reason, as it took Leicester's all-time league goal difference to +1 - an apt time to go into the black.\\nGiven the context of the day Everton were always in danger of being totally overshadowed, especially as they have little left to play for this season.\\nBut while the Toffees may not have needed Saturday's points, their under-pressure manager Roberto Martinez was in dire need of a proud and professional performance from his side.\\nHowever, they were far too accommodating of their opponents in the first half, essentially extending their pre-match guard of honour to allow City a match-winning hold on the game before the break.\\nMedia playback is not supported on this device\\nThey rallied slightly early in the second half, with Oumar Niasse and Romelu Lukaku drawing good saves from Kaspar Schmeichel.\\nBut when Mirallas scored a superb solo goal, which saw him run from the halfway line before beating Schmeichel in the 87th minute, many of the visiting side already seemed to be eyeing a swift exit to allow the Leicester party to get under way.\\nLeicester end their season with a trip to the team they have just deposed as Premier League champions, Chelsea.\\nEverton have two Premier League games remaining - away at Sunderland on Wednesday before a final-day home game against Norwich next Sunday.\\nMatch ends, Leicester City 3, Everton 1.\\nSecond Half ends, Leicester City 3, Everton 1.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by Joel Robles.\\nAttempt saved. Demarai Gray (Leicester City) right footed shot from the right side of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by N'Golo Kanté.\\nAttempt missed. Leonardo Ulloa (Leicester City) header from the centre of the box is high and wide to the right. Assisted by Demarai Gray with a cross following a corner.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by James McCarthy.\\nSubstitution, Leicester City. Demarai Gray replaces Riyad Mahrez.\\nAttempt blocked. Christian Fuchs (Leicester City) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Riyad Mahrez with a cross.\\nAttempt blocked. Andy King (Leicester City) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by John Stones.\\nGoal!  Leicester City 3, Everton 1. Kevin Mirallas (Everton) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner. Assisted by Darron Gibson.\\nAttempt missed. Andy King (Leicester City) header from the left side of the six yard box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Riyad Mahrez with a cross following a corner.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by Joel Robles.\\nAttempt missed. Leonardo Ulloa (Leicester City) header from the centre of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Christian Fuchs with a cross.\\nAttempt blocked. Riyad Mahrez (Leicester City) left footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Andy King.\\nOffside, Leicester City. Kasper Schmeichel tries a through ball, but Jamie Vardy is caught offside.\\nAttempt missed. Andy King (Leicester City) header from very close range misses to the right. Assisted by Leonardo Ulloa following a corner.\\nAttempt missed. Leonardo Ulloa (Leicester City) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Christian Fuchs with a cross following a corner.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by John Stones.\\nFoul by Kevin Mirallas (Everton).\\nChristian Fuchs (Leicester City) wins a free kick in the defensive half.\\nCorner,  Everton. Conceded by Christian Fuchs.\\nSubstitution, Everton. Leon Osman replaces Ross Barkley.\\nAttempt missed. Leonardo Ulloa (Leicester City) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the right. Assisted by Riyad Mahrez with a cross.\\nAttempt blocked. N'Golo Kanté (Leicester City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.\\nAttempt blocked. Andy King (Leicester City) right footed shot from the left side of the box is blocked. Assisted by Leonardo Ulloa.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by Matthew Pennington.\\nAttempt blocked. Jamie Vardy (Leicester City) left footed shot from the right side of the box is blocked.\\nAttempt missed. Leonardo Ulloa (Leicester City) header from the right side of the six yard box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Riyad Mahrez with a cross following a corner.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by Matthew Pennington.\\nAttempt blocked. Jamie Vardy (Leicester City) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked. Assisted by Andy King.\\nAttempt saved. Bryan Oviedo (Everton) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner. Assisted by Kevin Mirallas.\\nPenalty missed! Bad penalty by Jamie Vardy (Leicester City) right footed shot is too high. Jamie Vardy should be disappointed.\\nDarron Gibson (Everton) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.\\nPenalty conceded by Darron Gibson (Everton) after a foul in the penalty area.\\nPenalty Leicester City. Jeffrey Schlupp draws a foul in the penalty area.\\nAttempt blocked. Wes Morgan (Leicester City) header from the centre of the box is blocked. Assisted by Christian Fuchs with a cross.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by Bryan Oviedo.\\nCorner,  Leicester City. Conceded by Joel Robles.\\nAttempt saved. Jamie Vardy (Leicester City) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the bottom right corner. Assisted by Riyad Mahrez.</td>\n",
              "      <td>Champions Leicester comfortably beat Everton before being presented with the Premier League trophy during a day of celebrations at the King Power Stadium.</td>\n",
              "      <td>36176623</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>"
            ],
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "display_data"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "show_random_elements(raw_datasets[\"train\"])"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "lnjDIuQ3IrI-"
      },
      "source": [
        "The metric is an instance of [`datasets.Metric`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/package_reference/main_classes.html#datasets.Metric):"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5o4rUteaIrI_",
        "outputId": "18038ef5-554c-45c5-e00a-133b02ec10f1"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "EvaluationModule(name: \"rouge\", module_type: \"metric\", features: [{'predictions': Value(dtype='string', id='sequence'), 'references': Sequence(feature=Value(dtype='string', id='sequence'), length=-1, id=None)}, {'predictions': Value(dtype='string', id='sequence'), 'references': Value(dtype='string', id='sequence')}], usage: \"\"\"\n",
              "Calculates average rouge scores for a list of hypotheses and references\n",
              "Args:\n",
              "    predictions: list of predictions to score. Each prediction\n",
              "        should be a string with tokens separated by spaces.\n",
              "    references: list of reference for each prediction. Each\n",
              "        reference should be a string with tokens separated by spaces.\n",
              "    rouge_types: A list of rouge types to calculate.\n",
              "        Valid names:\n",
              "        `\"rouge{n}\"` (e.g. `\"rouge1\"`, `\"rouge2\"`) where: {n} is the n-gram based scoring,\n",
              "        `\"rougeL\"`: Longest common subsequence based scoring.\n",
              "        `\"rougeLsum\"`: rougeLsum splits text using `\"\n",
              "\"`.\n",
              "        See details in https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/617\n",
              "    use_stemmer: Bool indicating whether Porter stemmer should be used to strip word suffixes.\n",
              "    use_aggregator: Return aggregates if this is set to True\n",
              "Returns:\n",
              "    rouge1: rouge_1 (f1),\n",
              "    rouge2: rouge_2 (f1),\n",
              "    rougeL: rouge_l (f1),\n",
              "    rougeLsum: rouge_lsum (f1)\n",
              "Examples:\n",
              "\n",
              "    >>> rouge = evaluate.load('rouge')\n",
              "    >>> predictions = [\"hello there\", \"general kenobi\"]\n",
              "    >>> references = [\"hello there\", \"general kenobi\"]\n",
              "    >>> results = rouge.compute(predictions=predictions, references=references)\n",
              "    >>> print(results)\n",
              "    {'rouge1': 1.0, 'rouge2': 1.0, 'rougeL': 1.0, 'rougeLsum': 1.0}\n",
              "\"\"\", stored examples: 0)"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 13,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "metric"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "jAWdqcUBIrJC"
      },
      "source": [
        "You can call its `compute` method with your predictions and labels, which need to be list of decoded strings:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6XN1Rq0aIrJC",
        "outputId": "a4405435-a8a9-41ff-9f79-a13077b587c7"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'rouge1': 1.0, 'rouge2': 1.0, 'rougeL': 1.0, 'rougeLsum': 1.0}"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 18,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "fake_preds = [\"hello there\", \"general kenobi\"]\n",
        "fake_labels = [\"hello there\", \"general kenobi\"]\n",
        "metric.compute(predictions=fake_preds, references=fake_labels)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "n9qywopnIrJH"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Preprocessing the data"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "YVx71GdAIrJH"
      },
      "source": [
        "Before we can feed those texts to our model, we need to preprocess them. This is done by a 🤗 Transformers `Tokenizer` which will (as the name indicates) tokenize the inputs (including converting the tokens to their corresponding IDs in the pretrained vocabulary) and put it in a format the model expects, as well as generate the other inputs that the model requires.\n",
        "\n",
        "To do all of this, we instantiate our tokenizer with the `AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained` method, which will ensure:\n",
        "\n",
        "- we get a tokenizer that corresponds to the model architecture we want to use,\n",
        "- we download the vocabulary used when pretraining this specific checkpoint.\n",
        "\n",
        "That vocabulary will be cached, so it's not downloaded again the next time we run the cell."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "eXNLu_-nIrJI"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "from transformers import AutoTokenizer\n",
        "\n",
        "tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_checkpoint)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Vl6IidfdIrJK"
      },
      "source": [
        "By default, the call above will use one of the fast tokenizers (backed by Rust) from the 🤗 Tokenizers library."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rowT4iCLIrJK"
      },
      "source": [
        "You can directly call this tokenizer on one sentence or a pair of sentences:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "a5hBlsrHIrJL",
        "outputId": "acdaa98a-a8cd-4a20-89b8-cc26437bbe90"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'input_ids': [8774, 6, 48, 80, 7142, 55, 1], 'attention_mask': [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]}"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 20,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "tokenizer(\"Hello, this one sentence!\")"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "qo_0B1M2IrJM"
      },
      "source": [
        "Depending on the model you selected, you will see different keys in the dictionary returned by the cell above. They don't matter much for what we're doing here (just know they are required by the model we will instantiate later), you can learn more about them in [this tutorial](https://huggingface.co/transformers/preprocessing.html) if you're interested.\n",
        "\n",
        "Instead of one sentence, we can pass along a list of sentences:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Kql_satzcLv6",
        "outputId": "1cdf2bf4-434c-46e2-f3c7-8f043e633d11"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'input_ids': [[8774, 6, 48, 80, 7142, 55, 1], [100, 19, 430, 7142, 5, 1]], 'attention_mask': [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]}"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 5,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "tokenizer([\"Hello, this one sentence!\", \"This is another sentence.\"])"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5tDEX8EVcLv6"
      },
      "source": [
        "To prepare the targets for our model, we need to tokenize them using the `text_target` parameter. This will make sure the tokenizer uses the special tokens corresponding to the targets:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "f4SXKtuLcLv6",
        "outputId": "24056226-b541-4f1a-ca9f-df7b72255e36"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "name": "stdout",
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "{'input_ids': [[8774, 6, 48, 80, 7142, 55, 1], [100, 19, 430, 7142, 5, 1]], 'attention_mask': [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]}\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "print(tokenizer(text_target=[\"Hello, this one sentence!\", \"This is another sentence.\"]))"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2C0hcmp9IrJQ"
      },
      "source": [
        "If you are using one of the five T5 checkpoints we have to prefix the inputs with \"summarize:\" (the model can also translate and it needs the prefix to know which task it has to perform)."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ii_VlM4OcLv-"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "if model_checkpoint in [\"t5-small\", \"t5-base\", \"t5-larg\", \"t5-3b\", \"t5-11b\"]:\n",
        "    prefix = \"summarize: \"\n",
        "else:\n",
        "    prefix = \"\""
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "e6nKeK2jcLv-"
      },
      "source": [
        "We can then write the function that will preprocess our samples. We just feed them to the `tokenizer` with the argument `truncation=True`. This will ensure that an input longer that what the model selected can handle will be truncated to the maximum length accepted by the model. The padding will be dealt with later on (in a data collator) so we pad examples to the longest length in the batch and not the whole dataset."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vc0BSBLIIrJQ"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "max_input_length = 1024\n",
        "max_target_length = 128\n",
        "\n",
        "def preprocess_function(examples):\n",
        "    inputs = [prefix + doc for doc in examples[\"document\"]]\n",
        "    model_inputs = tokenizer(inputs, max_length=max_input_length, truncation=True)\n",
        "\n",
        "    # Setup the tokenizer for targets\n",
        "    labels = tokenizer(text_target=examples[\"summary\"], max_length=max_target_length, truncation=True)\n",
        "\n",
        "    model_inputs[\"labels\"] = labels[\"input_ids\"]\n",
        "    return model_inputs"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "0lm8ozrJIrJR"
      },
      "source": [
        "This function works with one or several examples. In the case of several examples, the tokenizer will return a list of lists for each key:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-b70jh26IrJS",
        "outputId": "acd3a42d-985b-44ee-9daa-af5d944ce1d9"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'input_ids': [[21603, 10, 37, 423, 583, 13, 1783, 16, 20126, 16496, 6, 80, 13, 8, 844, 6025, 4161, 6, 19, 341, 271, 14841, 5, 7057, 161, 19, 4912, 16, 1626, 5981, 11, 186, 7540, 16, 1276, 15, 2296, 7, 5718, 2367, 14621, 4161, 57, 4125, 387, 5, 15059, 7, 30, 8, 4653, 4939, 711, 747, 522, 17879, 788, 12, 1783, 44, 8, 15763, 6029, 1813, 9, 7472, 5, 1404, 1623, 11, 5699, 277, 130, 4161, 57, 18368, 16, 20126, 16496, 227, 8, 2473, 5895, 15, 147, 89, 22411, 139, 8, 1511, 5, 1485, 3271, 3, 21926, 9, 472, 19623, 5251, 8, 616, 12, 15614, 8, 1783, 5, 37, 13818, 10564, 15, 26, 3, 9, 3, 19513, 1481, 6, 18368, 186, 1328, 2605, 30, 7488, 1887, 3, 18, 8, 711, 2309, 9517, 89, 355, 5, 3966, 1954, 9233, 15, 6, 113, 293, 7, 8, 16548, 13363, 106, 14022, 84, 47, 14621, 4161, 6, 243, 255, 228, 59, 7828, 8, 1249, 18, 545, 11298, 1773, 728, 8, 8347, 1560, 5, 611, 6, 255, 243, 72, 1709, 1528, 161, 228, 43, 118, 4006, 91, 12, 766, 8, 3, 19513, 1481, 410, 59, 5124, 5, 96, 196, 17, 19, 1256, 68, 27, 103, 317, 132, 19, 78, 231, 23546, 21, 970, 51, 89, 2593, 11, 8, 2504, 189, 3, 18, 11, 27, 3536, 3653, 24, 3, 18, 68, 34, 19, 966, 114, 62, 31, 60, 23708, 42, 11821, 976, 255, 243, 5, 96, 11880, 164, 59, 36, 1176, 68, 34, 19, 2361, 82, 3503, 147, 8, 336, 360, 477, 5, 96, 17891, 130, 25, 59, 1065, 12, 199, 178, 3, 9, 720, 72, 116, 8, 6337, 11, 8, 6196, 5685, 7, 141, 2767, 91, 4609, 7940, 6, 3, 9, 8347, 5685, 3048, 16, 286, 640, 8, 17600, 7, 250, 13, 8, 3917, 3412, 5, 1276, 15, 2296, 7, 47, 14621, 1560, 57, 982, 6, 13233, 53, 3088, 12, 4277, 72, 13613, 7, 16, 8, 616, 5, 12580, 17600, 7, 2063, 65, 474, 3, 9, 570, 30, 165, 475, 13, 8, 7540, 6025, 4161, 11, 3863, 43, 118, 3, 19492, 59, 12, 9751, 12493, 3957, 5, 37, 16117, 3450, 31, 7, 21108, 12580, 2488, 5104, 11768, 1306, 47, 16, 1626, 5981, 30, 2089, 12, 217, 8, 1419, 166, 609, 5, 216, 243, 34, 47, 359, 12, 129, 8, 8347, 1711, 515, 269, 68, 3, 9485, 3088, 12, 1634, 95, 8, 433, 5, 96, 196, 47, 882, 1026, 3, 9, 1549, 57, 8, 866, 13, 1783, 24, 65, 118, 612, 976, 3, 88, 243, 5, 96, 14116, 34, 19, 842, 18, 18087, 21, 151, 113, 43, 118, 5241, 91, 13, 70, 2503, 11, 8, 1113, 30, 1623, 535, 216, 243, 34, 47, 359, 24, 96, 603, 5700, 342, 2245, 121, 130, 1026, 12, 1822, 8, 844, 167, 9930, 11, 3, 9, 964, 97, 3869, 474, 16, 286, 21, 8347, 9793, 1390, 5, 2114, 25, 118, 4161, 57, 18368, 16, 970, 51, 89, 2593, 11, 10987, 32, 1343, 42, 8, 17600, 7, 58, 8779, 178, 81, 39, 351, 13, 8, 1419, 11, 149, 34, 47, 10298, 5, 8601, 178, 30, 142, 40, 157, 12546, 5, 15808, 1741, 115, 115, 75, 5, 509, 5, 1598, 42, 146, 51, 89, 2593, 1741, 115, 115, 75, 5, 509, 5, 1598, 5, 1], [21603, 10, 71, 1472, 6196, 877, 326, 44, 8, 9108, 86, 29, 16, 6000, 1887, 44, 81, 11484, 10, 1755, 272, 4209, 30, 1856, 11, 2554, 130, 1380, 12, 1175, 8, 1595, 5, 282, 79, 3, 9094, 1067, 79, 1509, 8, 192, 14264, 6, 3, 16669, 596, 18, 969, 18, 1583, 16, 8, 443, 2447, 6, 3, 35, 6106, 19565, 57, 12314, 7, 5, 555, 13, 8, 1552, 1637, 19, 45, 3434, 6, 8, 119, 45, 1473, 11, 14441, 5, 94, 47, 70, 166, 706, 16, 5961, 5316, 5, 37, 2535, 13, 80, 13, 8, 14264, 243, 186, 13, 8, 9234, 141, 646, 525, 12770, 7, 30, 1476, 11, 175, 141, 118, 10932, 5, 2867, 1637, 43, 13666, 3709, 11210, 11, 56, 1731, 70, 1552, 13, 8, 3457, 4939, 865, 145, 79, 141, 4355, 5, 5076, 43, 3958, 15, 26, 21, 251, 81, 8, 3211, 5, 86, 7, 102, 1955, 24723, 243, 10, 96, 196, 17, 3475, 38, 713, 8, 1472, 708, 365, 80, 13, 8, 14264, 274, 16436, 12, 8, 511, 5, 96, 27674, 8, 2883, 1137, 19, 341, 365, 4962, 6, 34, 19, 816, 24, 8, 1472, 47, 708, 24067, 535, 1]], 'attention_mask': [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 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1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]], 'labels': [[7433, 18, 413, 2673, 33, 6168, 640, 8, 12580, 17600, 7, 11, 970, 51, 89, 2593, 11, 10987, 32, 1343, 227, 18368, 2953, 57, 16133, 4937, 5, 1], [2759, 8548, 14264, 43, 118, 10932, 57, 1472, 16, 3, 9, 18024, 1584, 739, 3211, 16, 27874, 690, 2050, 5, 1]]}"
            ]
          },
          "execution_count": 26,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "preprocess_function(raw_datasets['train'][:2])"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "zS-6iXTkIrJT"
      },
      "source": [
        "To apply this function on all the pairs of sentences in our dataset, we just use the `map` method of our `dataset` object we created earlier. This will apply the function on all the elements of all the splits in `dataset`, so our training, validation and testing data will be preprocessed in one single command."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "DDtsaJeVIrJT",
        "outputId": "aa4734bf-4ef5-4437-9948-2c16363da719"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "name": "stderr",
          "output_type": "stream",
          "text": [
            "WARNING:datasets.arrow_dataset:Loading cached processed dataset at /home/sudolife/.cache/huggingface/datasets/xsum/default/1.2.0/082863bf4754ee058a5b6f6525d0cb2b18eadb62c7b370b095d1364050a52b71/cache-c29884c8f95fd0b3.arrow\n",
            "WARNING:datasets.arrow_dataset:Loading cached processed dataset at /home/sudolife/.cache/huggingface/datasets/xsum/default/1.2.0/082863bf4754ee058a5b6f6525d0cb2b18eadb62c7b370b095d1364050a52b71/cache-c7c633359ea6092f.arrow\n",
            "WARNING:datasets.arrow_dataset:Loading cached processed dataset at /home/sudolife/.cache/huggingface/datasets/xsum/default/1.2.0/082863bf4754ee058a5b6f6525d0cb2b18eadb62c7b370b095d1364050a52b71/cache-e1e5d997fb514ab9.arrow\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "tokenized_datasets = raw_datasets.map(preprocess_function, batched=True)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "voWiw8C7IrJV"
      },
      "source": [
        "Even better, the results are automatically cached by the 🤗 Datasets library to avoid spending time on this step the next time you run your notebook. The 🤗 Datasets library is normally smart enough to detect when the function you pass to map has changed (and thus requires to not use the cache data). For instance, it will properly detect if you change the task in the first cell and rerun the notebook. 🤗 Datasets warns you when it uses cached files, you can pass `load_from_cache_file=False` in the call to `map` to not use the cached files and force the preprocessing to be applied again.\n",
        "\n",
        "Note that we passed `batched=True` to encode the texts by batches together. This is to leverage the full benefit of the fast tokenizer we loaded earlier, which will use multi-threading to treat the texts in a batch concurrently."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "545PP3o8IrJV"
      },
      "source": [
        "## Fine-tuning the model"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "FBiW8UpKIrJW"
      },
      "source": [
        "Now that our data is ready, we can download the pretrained model and fine-tune it. Since our task is of the sequence-to-sequence kind, we use the `AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM` class. Like with the tokenizer, the `from_pretrained` method will download and cache the model for us."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TlqNaB8jIrJW"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, DataCollatorForSeq2Seq, Seq2SeqTrainingArguments, Seq2SeqTrainer\n",
        "\n",
        "model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(model_checkpoint)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "CczA5lJlIrJX"
      },
      "source": [
        "Note that  we don't get a warning like in our classification example. This means we used all the weights of the pretrained model and there is no randomly initialized head in this case."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "_N8urzhyIrJY"
      },
      "source": [
        "To instantiate a `Seq2SeqTrainer`, we will need to define three more things. The most important is the [`Seq2SeqTrainingArguments`](https://huggingface.co/transformers/main_classes/trainer.html#transformers.Seq2SeqTrainingArguments), which is a class that contains all the attributes to customize the training. It requires one folder name, which will be used to save the checkpoints of the model, and all other arguments are optional:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "joUVUMsCcLwA"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "batch_size = 16\n",
        "model_name = model_checkpoint.split(\"/\")[-1]\n",
        "args = Seq2SeqTrainingArguments(\n",
        "    f\"{model_name}-finetuned-xsum\",\n",
        "    evaluation_strategy = \"epoch\",\n",
        "    learning_rate=2e-5,\n",
        "    per_device_train_batch_size=batch_size,\n",
        "    per_device_eval_batch_size=batch_size,\n",
        "    weight_decay=0.01,\n",
        "    save_total_limit=3,\n",
        "    num_train_epochs=1,\n",
        "    predict_with_generate=True,\n",
        "    fp16=True,\n",
        "    push_to_hub=True,\n",
        ")"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "km3pGVdTIrJc"
      },
      "source": [
        "Here we set the evaluation to be done at the end of each epoch, tweak the learning rate, use the `batch_size` defined at the top of the cell and customize the weight decay. Since the `Seq2SeqTrainer` will save the model regularly and our dataset is quite large, we tell it to make three saves maximum. Lastly, we use the `predict_with_generate` option (to properly generate summaries) and activate mixed precision training (to go a bit faster).\n",
        "\n",
        "The last argument to setup everything so we can push the model to the [Hub](https://huggingface.co/models) regularly during training. Remove it if you didn't follow the installation steps at the top of the notebook. If you want to save your model locally in a name that is different than the name of the repository it will be pushed, or if you want to push your model under an organization and not your name space, use the `hub_model_id` argument to set the repo name (it needs to be the full name, including your namespace: for instance `\"sgugger/t5-finetuned-xsum\"` or `\"huggingface/t5-finetuned-xsum\"`).\n",
        "\n",
        "Then, we need a special kind of data collator, which will not only pad the inputs to the maximum length in the batch, but also the labels:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mZHSECPwcLwA"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "data_collator = DataCollatorForSeq2Seq(tokenizer, model=model)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "7sZOdRlRIrJd"
      },
      "source": [
        "The last thing to define for our `Seq2SeqTrainer` is how to compute the metrics from the predictions. We need to define a function for this, which will just use the `metric` we loaded earlier, and we have to do a bit of pre-processing to decode the predictions into texts:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "UmvbnJ9JIrJd"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "import nltk\n",
        "import numpy as np\n",
        "\n",
        "def compute_metrics(eval_pred):\n",
        "    predictions, labels = eval_pred\n",
        "    decoded_preds = tokenizer.batch_decode(predictions, skip_special_tokens=True)\n",
        "    # Replace -100 in the labels as we can't decode them.\n",
        "    labels = np.where(labels != -100, labels, tokenizer.pad_token_id)\n",
        "    decoded_labels = tokenizer.batch_decode(labels, skip_special_tokens=True)\n",
        "\n",
        "    # Rouge expects a newline after each sentence\n",
        "    decoded_preds = [\"\\n\".join(nltk.sent_tokenize(pred.strip())) for pred in decoded_preds]\n",
        "    decoded_labels = [\"\\n\".join(nltk.sent_tokenize(label.strip())) for label in decoded_labels]\n",
        "\n",
        "    # Note that other metrics may not have a `use_aggregator` parameter\n",
        "    # and thus will return a list, computing a metric for each sentence.\n",
        "    result = metric.compute(predictions=decoded_preds, references=decoded_labels, use_stemmer=True, use_aggregator=True)\n",
        "    # Extract a few results\n",
        "    result = {key: value * 100 for key, value in result.items()}\n",
        "\n",
        "    # Add mean generated length\n",
        "    prediction_lens = [np.count_nonzero(pred != tokenizer.pad_token_id) for pred in predictions]\n",
        "    result[\"gen_len\"] = np.mean(prediction_lens)\n",
        "\n",
        "    return {k: round(v, 4) for k, v in result.items()}"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rXuFTAzDIrJe"
      },
      "source": [
        "Then we just need to pass all of this along with our datasets to the `Seq2SeqTrainer`:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "imY1oC3SIrJf"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "trainer = Seq2SeqTrainer(\n",
        "    model,\n",
        "    args,\n",
        "    train_dataset=tokenized_datasets[\"train\"],\n",
        "    eval_dataset=tokenized_datasets[\"validation\"],\n",
        "    data_collator=data_collator,\n",
        "    tokenizer=tokenizer,\n",
        "    compute_metrics=compute_metrics\n",
        ")"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "CdzABDVcIrJg"
      },
      "source": [
        "We can now finetune our model by just calling the `train` method:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "uNx5pyRlIrJh",
        "outputId": "077e661e-d36c-469b-89b8-7ff7f73541ec",
        "scrolled": false
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
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              "      [12753/12753 1:21:48, Epoch 1/1]\n",
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              "    <table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: left;\">\n",
              "      <th>Epoch</th>\n",
              "      <th>Training Loss</th>\n",
              "      <th>Validation Loss</th>\n",
              "      <th>Rouge1</th>\n",
              "      <th>Rouge2</th>\n",
              "      <th>Rougel</th>\n",
              "      <th>Rougelsum</th>\n",
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              "TrainOutput(global_step=12753, training_loss=2.7692033505520146, metrics={'train_runtime': 4909.3835, 'train_samples_per_second': 2.598, 'total_flos': 7.774481450954342e+16, 'epoch': 1.0, 'init_mem_cpu_alloc_delta': 335248, 'init_mem_gpu_alloc_delta': 242026496, 'init_mem_cpu_peaked_delta': 18306, 'init_mem_gpu_peaked_delta': 0, 'train_mem_cpu_alloc_delta': 2637782, 'train_mem_gpu_alloc_delta': 728138240, 'train_mem_cpu_peaked_delta': 138226182, 'train_mem_gpu_peaked_delta': 14677017088})"
            ]
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          "execution_count": null,
          "metadata": {},
          "output_type": "execute_result"
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      ],
      "source": [
        "trainer.train()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5PLqNKiicLwB"
      },
      "source": [
        "You can now upload the result of the training to the Hub, just execute this instruction:"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "PaQYDLJncLwB"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": [
        "trainer.push_to_hub()"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "nsXaiIMNcLwB"
      },
      "source": [
        "You can now share this model with all your friends, family, favorite pets: they can all load it with the identifier `\"your-username/the-name-you-picked\"` so for instance:\n",
        "\n",
        "```python\n",
        "from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM\n",
        "\n",
        "model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(\"sgugger/my-awesome-model\")\n",
        "```"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "F0HvXqZNcLwB"
      },
      "outputs": [],
      "source": []
    }
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