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.htaccess
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.htaccess
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# Apache Server Configs v3.0.0 | MIT License
# https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache
# (!) Using `.htaccess` files slows down Apache, therefore, if you have
# access to the main server configuration file (which is usually called
# `httpd.conf`), you should add this logic there.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/howto/htaccess.html
# ######################################################################
# # CROSS-ORIGIN #
# ######################################################################
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Cross-origin requests |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Allow cross-origin requests.
#
# https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Access_control_CORS
# https://enable-cors.org/
# https://www.w3.org/TR/cors/
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Cross-origin images |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Send the CORS header for images when browsers request it.
#
# https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/CORS_enabled_image
# https://blog.chromium.org/2011/07/using-cross-domain-images-in-webgl-and.html
<IfModule mod_setenvif.c>
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
<FilesMatch "\.(bmp|cur|gif|ico|jpe?g|png|svgz?|webp)$">
SetEnvIf Origin ":" IS_CORS
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*" env=IS_CORS
</FilesMatch>
</IfModule>
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Cross-origin web fonts |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Allow cross-origin access to web fonts.
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
<FilesMatch "\.(eot|otf|tt[cf]|woff2?)$">
Header set Access-Control-Allow-Origin "*"
</FilesMatch>
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Cross-origin resource timing |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Allow cross-origin access to the timing information for all resources.
#
# If a resource isn't served with a `Timing-Allow-Origin` header that
# would allow its timing information to be shared with the document,
# some of the attributes of the `PerformanceResourceTiming` object will
# be set to zero.
#
# https://www.w3.org/TR/resource-timing/
# http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2014/08/21/resource-timing-practical-tips/
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# Header set Timing-Allow-Origin: "*"
# </IfModule>
# ######################################################################
# # ERRORS #
# ######################################################################
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Custom error messages/pages |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Customize what Apache returns to the client in case of an error.
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#errordocument
ErrorDocument 404 /404.html
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Error prevention |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Disable the pattern matching based on filenames.
#
# This setting prevents Apache from returning a 404 error as the result
# of a rewrite when the directory with the same name does not exist.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/content-negotiation.html#multiviews
Options -MultiViews
# ######################################################################
# # INTERNET EXPLORER #
# ######################################################################
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Document modes |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Force Internet Explorer 8/9/10 to render pages in the highest mode
# available in the various cases when it may not.
#
# https://hsivonen.fi/doctype/#ie8
#
# (!) Starting with Internet Explorer 11, document modes are deprecated.
# If your business still relies on older web apps and services that were
# designed for older versions of Internet Explorer, you might want to
# consider enabling `Enterprise Mode` throughout your company.
#
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/bg182625.aspx#docmode
# https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ie/2014/04/02/stay-up-to-date-with-enterprise-mode-for-internet-explorer-11/
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header set X-UA-Compatible "IE=edge"
# `mod_headers` cannot match based on the content-type, however,
# the `X-UA-Compatible` response header should be send only for
# HTML documents and not for the other resources.
<FilesMatch "\.(appcache|atom|bbaw|bmp|br|crx|css|cur|eot|f4[abpv]|flv|geojson|gif|gz|htc|ic[os]|jpe?g|m?js|json(ld)?|m4[av]|manifest|map|markdown|md|mp4|oex|og[agv]|opus|otf|pdf|png|rdf|rss|safariextz|svgz?|swf|topojson|tt[cf]|txt|vcard|vcf|vtt|wasm|webapp|web[mp]|webmanifest|woff2?|xloc|xml|xpi)$">
Header unset X-UA-Compatible
</FilesMatch>
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Iframes cookies |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Allow cookies to be set from iframes in Internet Explorer.
#
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms537343.aspx
# https://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-P3P-20001215/
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# Header set P3P "policyref=\"/w3c/p3p.xml\", CP=\"IDC DSP COR ADM DEVi TAIi PSA PSD IVAi IVDi CONi HIS OUR IND CNT\""
# </IfModule>
# ######################################################################
# # MEDIA TYPES AND CHARACTER ENCODINGS #
# ######################################################################
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Media types |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Serve resources with the proper media types (f.k.a. MIME types).
#
# https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_mime.html#addtype
<IfModule mod_mime.c>
# Data interchange
AddType application/atom+xml atom
AddType application/json json map topojson
AddType application/ld+json jsonld
AddType application/rss+xml rss
AddType application/vnd.geo+json geojson
AddType application/xml rdf xml
# JavaScript
# Servers should use text/javascript for JavaScript resources.
# https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#scriptingLanguages
AddType text/javascript js mjs
# Manifest files
AddType application/manifest+json webmanifest
AddType application/x-web-app-manifest+json webapp
AddType text/cache-manifest appcache
# Media files
AddType audio/mp4 f4a f4b m4a
AddType audio/ogg oga ogg opus
AddType image/bmp bmp
AddType image/svg+xml svg svgz
AddType image/webp webp
AddType video/mp4 f4v f4p m4v mp4
AddType video/ogg ogv
AddType video/webm webm
AddType video/x-flv flv
# Serving `.ico` image files with a different media type
# prevents Internet Explorer from displaying them as images:
# https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/commit/37b5fec090d00f38de64b591bcddcb205aadf8ee
AddType image/x-icon cur ico
# WebAssembly
AddType application/wasm wasm
# Web fonts
AddType font/woff woff
AddType font/woff2 woff2
AddType application/vnd.ms-fontobject eot
AddType font/ttf ttf
AddType font/collection ttc
AddType font/otf otf
# Other
AddType application/octet-stream safariextz
AddType application/x-bb-appworld bbaw
AddType application/x-chrome-extension crx
AddType application/x-opera-extension oex
AddType application/x-xpinstall xpi
AddType text/calendar ics
AddType text/markdown markdown md
AddType text/vcard vcard vcf
AddType text/vnd.rim.location.xloc xloc
AddType text/vtt vtt
AddType text/x-component htc
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Character encodings |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Serve all resources labeled as `text/html` or `text/plain`
# with the media type `charset` parameter set to `UTF-8`.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#adddefaultcharset
AddDefaultCharset utf-8
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Serve the following file types with the media type `charset`
# parameter set to `UTF-8`.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_mime.html#addcharset
<IfModule mod_mime.c>
AddCharset utf-8 .atom \
.bbaw \
.css \
.geojson \
.ics \
.js \
.json \
.jsonld \
.manifest \
.markdown \
.md \
.mjs \
.rdf \
.rss \
.topojson \
.vtt \
.webapp \
.webmanifest \
.xloc \
.xml
</IfModule>
# ######################################################################
# # REWRITES #
# ######################################################################
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Rewrite engine |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# (1) Turn on the rewrite engine (this is necessary in order for
# the `RewriteRule` directives to work).
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_rewrite.html#RewriteEngine
#
# (2) Enable the `FollowSymLinks` option if it isn't already.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#options
#
# (3) If your web host doesn't allow the `FollowSymlinks` option,
# you need to comment it out or remove it, and then uncomment
# the `Options +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch` line (4), but be aware
# of the performance impact.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/misc/perf-tuning.html#symlinks
#
# (4) Some cloud hosting services will require you set `RewriteBase`.
#
# https://www.rackspace.com/knowledge_center/frequently-asked-question/why-is-modrewrite-not-working-on-my-site
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritebase
#
# (5) Depending on how your server is set up, you may also need to
# use the `RewriteOptions` directive to enable some options for
# the rewrite engine.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriteoptions
#
# (6) Set %{ENV:PROTO} variable, to allow rewrites to redirect with the
# appropriate schema automatically (http or https).
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
# (1)
RewriteEngine On
# (2)
Options +FollowSymlinks
# (3)
# Options +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
# (4)
# RewriteBase /
# (5)
# RewriteOptions <options>
# (6)
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} =on
RewriteRule ^ - [env=proto:https]
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
RewriteRule ^ - [env=proto:http]
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Forcing `https://` |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Redirect from the `http://` to the `https://` version of the URL.
# https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/RewriteHTTPToHTTPS
# <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
# RewriteEngine On
# RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
# RewriteRule ^ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Suppressing the `www.` at the beginning of URLs |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Rewrite www.example.com → example.com
# The same content should never be available under two different
# URLs, especially not with and without `www.` at the beginning.
# This can cause SEO problems (duplicate content), and therefore,
# you should choose one of the alternatives and redirect the other
# one.
#
# (!) NEVER USE BOTH WWW-RELATED RULES AT THE SAME TIME!
# (1) The rule assume by default that both HTTP and HTTPS
# environments are available for redirection.
# If your SSL certificate could not handle one of the domains
# used during redirection, you should turn the condition on.
#
# https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache/issues/52
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
# (1)
# RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.(.+)$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^ %{ENV:PROTO}://%1%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Forcing the `www.` at the beginning of URLs |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Rewrite example.com → www.example.com
# The same content should never be available under two different
# URLs, especially not with and without `www.` at the beginning.
# This can cause SEO problems (duplicate content), and therefore,
# you should choose one of the alternatives and redirect the other
# one.
#
# (!) NEVER USE BOTH WWW-RELATED RULES AT THE SAME TIME!
# (1) The rule assume by default that both HTTP and HTTPS
# environments are available for redirection.
# If your SSL certificate could not handle one of the domains
# used during redirection, you should turn the condition on.
#
# https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-apache/issues/52
# Be aware that the following might not be a good idea if you use "real"
# subdomains for certain parts of your website.
# <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
# RewriteEngine On
# # (1)
# # RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
# RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
# RewriteCond %{SERVER_ADDR} !=127.0.0.1
# RewriteCond %{SERVER_ADDR} !=::1
# RewriteRule ^ %{ENV:PROTO}://www.%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]
# </IfModule>
# ######################################################################
# # SECURITY #
# ######################################################################
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Clickjacking |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Protect website against clickjacking.
#
# The example below sends the `X-Frame-Options` response header with
# the value `DENY`, informing browsers not to display the content of
# the web page in any frame.
#
# This might not be the best setting for everyone. You should read
# about the other two possible values the `X-Frame-Options` header
# field can have: `SAMEORIGIN` and `ALLOW-FROM`.
# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7034#section-2.1.
#
# Keep in mind that while you could send the `X-Frame-Options` header
# for all of your website’s pages, this has the potential downside that
# it forbids even non-malicious framing of your content (e.g.: when
# users visit your website using a Google Image Search results page).
#
# Nonetheless, you should ensure that you send the `X-Frame-Options`
# header for all pages that allow a user to make a state changing
# operation (e.g: pages that contain one-click purchase links, checkout
# or bank-transfer confirmation pages, pages that make permanent
# configuration changes, etc.).
#
# Sending the `X-Frame-Options` header can also protect your website
# against more than just clickjacking attacks:
# https://cure53.de/xfo-clickjacking.pdf.
#
# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7034
# https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ieinternals/2010/03/30/combating-clickjacking-with-x-frame-options/
# https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Clickjacking
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# Header set X-Frame-Options "DENY"
# # `mod_headers` cannot match based on the content-type, however,
# # the `X-Frame-Options` response header should be send only for
# # HTML documents and not for the other resources.
# <FilesMatch "\.(appcache|atom|bbaw|bmp|br|crx|css|cur|eot|f4[abpv]|flv|geojson|gif|gz|htc|ic[os]|jpe?g|m?js|json(ld)?|m4[av]|manifest|map|markdown|md|mp4|oex|og[agv]|opus|otf|pdf|png|rdf|rss|safariextz|svgz?|swf|topojson|tt[cf]|txt|vcard|vcf|vtt|wasm|webapp|web[mp]|webmanifest|woff2?|xloc|xml|xpi)$">
# Header unset X-Frame-Options
# </FilesMatch>
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Content Security Policy (CSP) |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Mitigate the risk of cross-site scripting and other content-injection
# attacks.
#
# This can be done by setting a `Content Security Policy` which
# whitelists trusted sources of content for your website.
#
# The example header below allows ONLY scripts that are loaded from
# the current website's origin (no inline scripts, no CDN, etc).
# That almost certainly won't work as-is for your website!
#
# To make things easier, you can use an online CSP header generator
# such as: http://cspisawesome.com/.
#
# https://content-security-policy.com/
# https://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/security/content-security-policy/
# https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-csp/
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# Header set Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self'; object-src 'self'"
# # `mod_headers` cannot match based on the content-type, however,
# # the `Content-Security-Policy` response header should be send
# # only for HTML documents and not for the other resources.
# <FilesMatch "\.(appcache|atom|bbaw|bmp|br|crx|css|cur|eot|f4[abpv]|flv|geojson|gif|gz|htc|ic[os]|jpe?g|m?js|json(ld)?|m4[av]|manifest|map|markdown|md|mp4|oex|og[agv]|opus|otf|pdf|png|rdf|rss|safariextz|svgz?|swf|topojson|tt[cf]|txt|vcard|vcf|vtt|wasm|webapp|web[mp]|webmanifest|woff2?|xloc|xml|xpi)$">
# Header unset Content-Security-Policy
# </FilesMatch>
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | File access |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Block access to directories without a default document.
#
# You should leave the following uncommented, as you shouldn't allow
# anyone to surf through every directory on your server (which may
# includes rather private places such as the CMS's directories).
<IfModule mod_autoindex.c>
Options -Indexes
</IfModule>
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Block access to all hidden files and directories with the exception of
# the visible content from within the `/.well-known/` hidden directory.
#
# These types of files usually contain user preferences or the preserved
# state of an utility, and can include rather private places like, for
# example, the `.git` or `.svn` directories.
#
# The `/.well-known/` directory represents the standard (RFC 5785) path
# prefix for "well-known locations" (e.g.: `/.well-known/manifest.json`,
# `/.well-known/keybase.txt`), and therefore, access to its visible
# content should not be blocked.
#
# https://www.mnot.net/blog/2010/04/07/well-known
# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5785
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} "!(^|/)\.well-known/([^./]+./?)+$" [NC]
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -d [OR]
RewriteCond %{SCRIPT_FILENAME} -f
RewriteRule "(^|/)\." - [F]
</IfModule>
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Block access to files that can expose sensitive information.
#
# By default, block access to backup and source files that may be
# left by some text editors and can pose a security risk when anyone
# has access to them.
#
# https://feross.org/cmsploit/
#
# (!) Update the `<FilesMatch>` regular expression from below to
# include any files that might end up on your production server and
# can expose sensitive information about your website. These files may
# include: configuration files, files that contain metadata about the
# project (e.g.: project dependencies), build scripts, etc..
<IfModule mod_authz_core.c>
<FilesMatch "(^#.*#|\.(bak|conf|dist|fla|in[ci]|log|orig|psd|sh|sql|sw[op])|~)$">
Require all denied
</FilesMatch>
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Force client-side SSL redirection.
#
# If a user types `example.com` in their browser, even if the server
# redirects them to the secure version of the website, that still leaves
# a window of opportunity (the initial HTTP connection) for an attacker
# to downgrade or redirect the request.
#
# The following header ensures that browser will ONLY connect to your
# server via HTTPS, regardless of what the users type in the browser's
# address bar.
#
# (!) Be aware that this, once published, is not revokable and you must ensure
# being able to serve the site via SSL for the duration you've specified
# in max-age. When you don't have a valid SSL connection (anymore) your
# visitors will see a nasty error message even when attempting to connect
# via simple HTTP.
#
# (!) Remove the `includeSubDomains` optional directive if the website's
# subdomains are not using HTTPS.
#
# (1) If you want to submit your site for HSTS preload (2) you must
# * ensure the `includeSubDomains` directive to be present
# * the `preload` directive to be specified
# * the `max-age` to be at least 31536000 seconds (1 year) according to the current status.
#
# It is also advised (3) to only serve the HSTS header via a secure connection
# which can be done with either `env=https` or `"expr=%{HTTPS} == 'on'"` (4). The
# exact way depends on your environment and might just be tried.
#
# https://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/security/transport-layer-security/
# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6797#section-6.1
# https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ieinternals/2014/08/18/strict-transport-security/
# (2) https://hstspreload.org/
# (3) https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6797#section-7.2
# (4) https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24144552/how-to-set-hsts-header-from-htaccess-only-on-https/24145033#comment81632711_24145033
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=16070400; includeSubDomains"
# # (1) or if HSTS preloading is desired (respect (2) for current requirements):
# # Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload" env=HTTPS
# # (4) respectively… (respect (2) for current requirements):
# # Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload" "expr=%{HTTPS} == 'on'"
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Reducing MIME type security risks |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prevent some browsers from MIME-sniffing the response.
#
# This reduces exposure to drive-by download attacks and cross-origin
# data leaks, and should be left uncommented, especially if the server
# is serving user-uploaded content or content that could potentially be
# treated as executable by the browser.
#
# https://www.slideshare.net/hasegawayosuke/owasp-hasegawa
# https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ie/2008/07/02/ie8-security-part-v-comprehensive-protection/
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/gg622941.aspx
# https://mimesniff.spec.whatwg.org/
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# (1) Try to re-enable the cross-site scripting (XSS) filter built
# into most web browsers.
#
# The filter is usually enabled by default, but in some cases it
# may be disabled by the user. However, in Internet Explorer for
# example, it can be re-enabled just by sending the
# `X-XSS-Protection` header with the value of `1`.
#
# (2) Prevent web browsers from rendering the web page if a potential
# reflected (a.k.a non-persistent) XSS attack is detected by the
# filter.
#
# By default, if the filter is enabled and browsers detect a
# reflected XSS attack, they will attempt to block the attack
# by making the smallest possible modifications to the returned
# web page.
#
# Unfortunately, in some browsers (e.g.: Internet Explorer),
# this default behavior may allow the XSS filter to be exploited,
# thereby, it's better to inform browsers to prevent the rendering
# of the page altogether, instead of attempting to modify it.
#
# https://hackademix.net/2009/11/21/ies-xss-filter-creates-xss-vulnerabilities
#
# (!) Do not rely on the XSS filter to prevent XSS attacks! Ensure that
# you are taking all possible measures to prevent XSS attacks, the
# most obvious being: validating and sanitizing your website's inputs.
#
# https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ie/2008/07/02/ie8-security-part-iv-the-xss-filter/
# https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ieinternals/2011/01/31/controlling-the-xss-filter/
# https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross-site_Scripting_%28XSS%29
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# # (1) (2)
# Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
# # `mod_headers` cannot match based on the content-type, however,
# # the `X-XSS-Protection` response header should be send only for
# # HTML documents and not for the other resources.
# <FilesMatch "\.(appcache|atom|bbaw|bmp|br|crx|css|cur|eot|f4[abpv]|flv|geojson|gif|gz|htc|ic[os]|jpe?g|m?js|json(ld)?|m4[av]|manifest|map|markdown|md|mp4|oex|og[agv]|opus|otf|pdf|png|rdf|rss|safariextz|svgz?|swf|topojson|tt[cf]|txt|vcard|vcf|vtt|wasm|webapp|web[mp]|webmanifest|woff2?|xloc|xml|xpi)$">
# Header unset X-XSS-Protection
# </FilesMatch>
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Referrer Policy |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# A web application uses HTTPS and a URL-based session identifier.
# The web application might wish to link to HTTPS resources on other
# web sites without leaking the user's session identifier in the URL.
#
# This can be done by setting a `Referrer Policy` which
# whitelists trusted sources of content for your website.
#
# To check your referrer policy, you can use an online service
# such as: https://securityheaders.io/.
#
# https://scotthelme.co.uk/a-new-security-header-referrer-policy/
# https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Referrer-Policy
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# # no-referrer-when-downgrade (default)
# # This should be the user agent's default behavior if no policy is
# # specified.The origin is sent as referrer to a-priori as-much-secure
# # destination (HTTPS->HTTPS), but isn't sent to a less secure destination
# # (HTTPS->HTTP).
# Header set Referrer-Policy "no-referrer-when-downgrade"
# # `mod_headers` cannot match based on the content-type, however,
# # the `Referrer-Policy` response header should be send
# # only for HTML documents and not for the other resources.
# <FilesMatch "\.(appcache|atom|bbaw|bmp|br|crx|css|cur|eot|f4[abpv]|flv|geojson|gif|gz|htc|ic[os]|jpe?g|m?js|json(ld)?|m4[av]|manifest|map|markdown|md|mp4|oex|og[agv]|opus|otf|pdf|png|rdf|rss|safariextz|svgz?|swf|topojson|tt[cf]|txt|vcard|vcf|vtt|wasm|webapp|web[mp]|webmanifest|woff2?|xloc|xml|xpi)$">
# Header unset Referrer-Policy
# </FilesMatch>
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Server-side technology information |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Remove the `X-Powered-By` response header that:
#
# * is set by some frameworks and server-side languages
# (e.g.: ASP.NET, PHP), and its value contains information
# about them (e.g.: their name, version number)
#
# * doesn't provide any value to users, contributes to header
# bloat, and in some cases, the information it provides can
# expose vulnerabilities
#
# (!) If you can, you should disable the `X-Powered-By` header from the
# language / framework level (e.g.: for PHP, you can do that by setting
# `expose_php = off` in `php.ini`)
#
# https://php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.expose-php
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
Header unset X-Powered-By
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Server software information |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prevent Apache from adding a trailing footer line containing
# information about the server to the server-generated documents
# (e.g.: error messages, directory listings, etc.)
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#serversignature
ServerSignature Off
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Prevent Apache from sending in the `Server` response header its
# exact version number, the description of the generic OS-type or
# information about its compiled-in modules.
#
# (!) The `ServerTokens` directive will only work in the main server
# configuration file, so don't try to enable it in the `.htaccess` file!
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/core.html#servertokens
#ServerTokens Prod
# ######################################################################
# # WEB PERFORMANCE #
# ######################################################################
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Compression |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
# Force compression for mangled `Accept-Encoding` request headers
# https://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/pushing-beyond-gzipping-25601.html
<IfModule mod_setenvif.c>
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
SetEnvIfNoCase ^(Accept-EncodXng|X-cept-Encoding|X{15}|~{15}|-{15})$ ^((gzip|deflate)\s*,?\s*)+|[X~-]{4,13}$ HAVE_Accept-Encoding
RequestHeader append Accept-Encoding "gzip,deflate" env=HAVE_Accept-Encoding
</IfModule>
</IfModule>
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Compress all output labeled with one of the following media types.
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_filter.html#addoutputfilterbytype
<IfModule mod_filter.c>
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE "application/atom+xml" \
"application/javascript" \
"application/json" \
"application/ld+json" \
"application/manifest+json" \
"application/rdf+xml" \
"application/rss+xml" \
"application/schema+json" \
"application/vnd.geo+json" \
"application/vnd.ms-fontobject" \
"application/wasm" \
"application/x-font-ttf" \
"application/x-javascript" \
"application/x-web-app-manifest+json" \
"application/xhtml+xml" \
"application/xml" \
"font/collection" \
"font/eot" \
"font/opentype" \
"font/otf" \
"font/ttf" \
"image/bmp" \
"image/svg+xml" \
"image/vnd.microsoft.icon" \
"image/x-icon" \
"text/cache-manifest" \
"text/calendar" \
"text/css" \
"text/html" \
"text/javascript" \
"text/plain" \
"text/markdown" \
"text/vcard" \
"text/vnd.rim.location.xloc" \
"text/vtt" \
"text/x-component" \
"text/x-cross-domain-policy" \
"text/xml"
</IfModule>
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Map the following filename extensions to the specified
# encoding type in order to make Apache serve the file types
# with the appropriate `Content-Encoding` response header
# (do note that this will NOT make Apache compress them!).
#
# If these files types would be served without an appropriate
# `Content-Enable` response header, client applications (e.g.:
# browsers) wouldn't know that they first need to uncompress
# the response, and thus, wouldn't be able to understand the
# content.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_mime.html#addencoding
<IfModule mod_mime.c>
AddEncoding gzip svgz
</IfModule>
</IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Brotli pre-compressed content |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Serve brotli compressed CSS, JS, HTML, SVG, ICS and JSON files
# if they exist and if the client accepts br encoding.
#
# (!) To make this part relevant, you need to generate encoded
# files by your own. Enabling this part will not auto-generate
# brotlied files.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_brotli.html#precompressed
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# RewriteCond %{HTTP:Accept-Encoding} br
# RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}\.br -f
# RewriteRule \.(css|ics|js|json|html|svg)$ %{REQUEST_URI}.br [L]
# # Prevent mod_deflate double gzip
# RewriteRule \.br$ - [E=no-gzip:1]
# <FilesMatch "\.br$">
# <IfModule mod_mime.c>
# # Serve correct content types
# AddType text/css css.br
# AddType text/calendar ics.br
# AddType text/javascript js.br
# AddType application/json json.br
# AddType text/html html.br
# AddType image/svg+xml svg.br
# # Serve correct content charset
# AddCharset utf-8 .css.br \
# .ics.br \
# .js.br \
# .json.br
# </IfModule>
# # Force proxies to cache brotlied and non-brotlied files separately
# Header append Vary Accept-Encoding
# </FilesMatch>
# # Serve correct encoding type
# AddEncoding br .br
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | GZip pre-compressed content |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Serve gzip compressed CSS, JS, HTML, SVG, ICS and JSON files
# if they exist and if the client accepts gzip encoding.
#
# (!) To make this part relevant, you need to generate encoded
# files by your own. Enabling this part will not auto-generate
# gziped files.
#
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_deflate.html#precompressed
#
# (1)
# Removing default MIME Type for .gz files allowing to add custom
# sub-types.
# You may prefer using less generic extensions such as .html_gz in
# order to keep default behavior regarding .gz files.
# https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_mime.html#removetype
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# RewriteCond %{HTTP:Accept-Encoding} gzip
# RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME}\.gz -f
# RewriteRule \.(css|ics|js|json|html|svg)$ %{REQUEST_URI}.gz [L]
# # Prevent mod_deflate double gzip
# RewriteRule \.gz$ - [E=no-gzip:1]
# <FilesMatch "\.gz$">
# # Serve correct content types
# <IfModule mod_mime.c>
# # (1)
# RemoveType gz
# # Serve correct content types
# AddType text/css css.gz
# AddType text/calendar ics.gz
# AddType text/javascript js.gz
# AddType application/json json.gz
# AddType text/html html.gz
# AddType image/svg+xml svg.gz
# # Serve correct content charset
# AddCharset utf-8 .css.gz \
# .ics.gz \
# .js.gz \
# .json.gz
# </IfModule>
# # Force proxies to cache gzipped and non-gzipped files separately
# Header append Vary Accept-Encoding
# </FilesMatch>
# # Serve correct encoding type
# AddEncoding gzip .gz
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Content transformation |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prevent intermediate caches or proxies (e.g.: such as the ones
# used by mobile network providers) from modifying the website's
# content.
#
# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-14.9.5
#
# (!) If you are using `mod_pagespeed`, please note that setting
# the `Cache-Control: no-transform` response header will prevent
# `PageSpeed` from rewriting `HTML` files, and, if the
# `ModPagespeedDisableRewriteOnNoTransform` directive isn't set
# to `off`, also from rewriting other resources.
#
# https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/module/configuration#notransform
# <IfModule mod_headers.c>
# Header merge Cache-Control "no-transform"
# </IfModule>
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# | ETags |
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Remove `ETags` as resources are sent with far-future expires headers.
#
# https://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html#etags